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撰文 | Frank Wilczek

十大菠菜靠谱平台

翻译 | 胡风、梁丁当

汉文版

在量子物理中，唯有对粒子的动量信息保持无知，才有可能获取它的位置信息。

在乔治·奥威尔（George Orwell）的演义《1984》中，有一句失实的口号“无知即力量”。这句口号是乔治 · 奥威尔笔下腐臭骄横的政权的长远缩影。如若把它高明地退换一下，改成“无知或为力量”，那这句新的口号就成了如今科技前沿的无邪写真。如若咱们能智谋地期骗无知，它不错成为一种超才气，使咱们的感官更机敏（通过测量仪器），想维更活泼（通过经营机）。

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这条口号看似首尾乖互，其根源却在于量子现实的骨子，它从根柢上对咱们所了解的随性物体的特点施加了限度。如若咱们掌合手所关连于物体气象的表面学问，那么咱们就能够准确地量度，在测量物体的位置与畅通速率时，它出当今某个场地以及具有某个速率的概率。关联词，把柄量子表面，位置的暧昧度与动量的暧昧度的乘积必须大于一个极限值。这等于海森堡不祥情趣旨趣。

当今，假定咱们要精准地测量某个物体的位置，以探伤引力波引起的细微的时空歪曲。为了最大限制地减少位置测量的弊端，同期不违犯海森堡旨趣，咱们需要尽可能地加多动量的暧昧度。这种测量艺术被称为“量子压缩”，它是面前热点的前沿筹商边界。

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要想制造出性能优胜的量子经营机，最主要的清贫在于如何让它长久保持对我方的气象一无所知。经典经营机在运行经由中会经过一系列的“位置”，每个位置由一串0和1构成的字符所编码,其中的0和1代表晶体管的两种气象。与之相对的是，量子经营机的经营单位就像量子粒子不异，它不错同期处在所有这个词这些位置上。

要想确保量子经营机能够可靠地运行，这种位置的暧昧性是必要的。因为唯有这么，经营机才能在动量暧昧度较小的情况下准确地履行下一步花式。如若经营机意外暴露了位置漫步的信息，就会缩短位置的暧昧度。把柄不祥情趣旨趣，这势必会导致动量暧昧度升高，从而破裂花式履行的可靠性。

在我刚驱动想考如何期骗量子宇宙的不祥情趣——某种进度上，也不错被称为“无知”——的时代，我依然觉得这是量子宇宙特有的奇特表象。但我安逸厚实到这是一个更为平方的办法，它理会地揭示了咱们与周围宇宙调换的许多花式其实并不简便。

比如，让咱们想一想咱们常常是怎样辨别出某个东谈主的。当光子投射到视网膜上，此后经大脑管制产生的图像会受到诸多身分的影响，比如这个东谈主的位置、朝向、她是否被其它物体遮拦、她的穿戴等等。尽管如斯，咱们仍然能够判断出“这是贝茜”。显然，在这个经由中咱们继承性地忽略了许多细节，而这么作念是故意的。

还有一个问题也流露着无知的价值 ：为什么不是所有这个词东谈主王人有无缺的音准呢？在咱们的内耳中，有一双小小的“反向钢琴”。它们通过拨动特定的键（实验上是特定的毛发）来对特定的调子产生反应。通过这种花式，耳朵不错鸠合到所有这个词的信息，但唯有小数一部分东谈主能够统统期骗它们。关于咱们这些莫得无缺音准的东谈主来说，大约大脑在运作时，意外志地“继承”了无知——冷落那些调子的信息，好让咱们专注于愈加有效的信息上。

在圣经故事中，亚当和夏娃因为吃了“分手善恶树”上的果实而受到刑事背负。不管你怎样看待这个故事，它王人无邪地指示咱们 ：无知是一项值得属意的继承。

英文版

还举例称，譬如某天，如果F-16战斗机从某些国家机场起飞去攻击俄罗斯的领土，或者某些国家的港口继续向乌克兰转运各种武器装备，那么俄军将把这些国家的机场或港口当成“合法的攻击目标”。最后，西蒙尼扬指出，在必要时刻，俄罗斯还有权在没有最后通牒的情况下宣布，北约国家是俄军的合法攻击目标。

The Scientific Value of Ignorance

In quantum physics, maximizing knowledge of a particle’s location requires fuzziness about its momentum, and vice versa.

In George Orwell’s novel “1984,” “Ignorance is Strength” is a shocking slogan that epitomizes a corrupt and sinister regime. But in a more nuanced form, “Ignorance can be Strength,” it is an apt slogan for some cutting-edge science. Used wisely, ignorance can be a superpower that makes our senses more acute and our minds more capacious(through measuring devices and computers, respectively).

This seeming paradox is rooted in the nature of quantum reality, which imposes a fundamental limitation on our knowledge of the properties of any object. Given perfect theoretical knowledge of an object’s state, we can predict probabilities for where it will be found and how fast it will be seen to move, if we measure those things. But according to quantum theory, when we multiply the fuzziness in predicted position by the fuzziness in predicted momentum, the product cannot get below a definite limit. That is Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Now suppose that we’d like to measure the position of a test body very precisely, so that we can detect the tiny distortions of space caused by gravitational waves. To minimize the fuzziness in its position, while remaining in Heisenberg’s good graces, we need to crank up the fuzziness in its momentum. The art of doing this is called “squeezing,” and it is a hot frontier of research.

The main difficulty in making good quantum computers is keeping nature ignorant about what they’re doing. A classical computer runs through a sequence of definite “positions,” each consisting of a series of 0s and 1s that represent the states of its transistors. A quantum computer, like a quantum particle, allows all these positions to coexist.

Fuzziness in position is necessary so that the computer can move reliably, with small fuzziness in “momentum,” to execute the next step in its program. If the computer inadvertently betrays information about its distribution of positions, it will reduce that distribution’s fuzziness and necessarily inject fuzziness into the corresponding momentum, thus making the program’s execution unreliable.

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When I first began to think about leveraging ignorance in the quantum world, I considered it to be one of that world’s weird special features. But I’ve come to see it as a much broader idea that illuminates many things about how we deal with the everyday world.

Consider, for example, what it means to recognize someone. The underlying pattern of photons that arrives at our retina will be quite different depending on where that person is, how they’re oriented, whether they’re partially hidden behind other objects, what they’re wearing and many other factors. But in concluding “It’s Betsy,” we choose to ignore all that, and that’s obviously a useful thing to do.

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Why don’t we all have perfect pitch? Within our inner ears we have little inverse pianos that move specific keys(actually, specialized hairs)in response to specific tones. The information is there, but few of us can access it. Those of us who don’t have perfect pitch may have “chosen” ignorance—unconsciously, as our brains got wired up—in order to focus on more generally useful relationships.

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Adam and Eve were punished for eating from “the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.” However you take that story, it is a vivid reminder that ignorance is an option worth keeping in mind.

Frank Wilczek

弗兰克·维尔切克是麻省理工学院物理学教悔、量子色能源学的奠基东谈主之一。因发现了量子色能源学的渐近解放表象，他在2004年取得了诺贝尔物理学奖。

本文经授权转载自微信公众号“蔻享学术”。

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